Overview of electron-optical transducers in Europe
This article discusses electron-optical transducers (EOTs) available on the European market. Due to export restrictions, Gen3 EOSs with a FOM greater than 1600 made in the USA are not available in Europe, so only models that are actually available in this region are included in the review.
Key parameters for comparing electronic optical transducers (EOTs)
- Figure of Merit (FOM ) is a generalized measure of the quality of an EOS, calculated as the product of the resolution (lp/mm) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Formula: FOM = lp/mm × SNR.
- Gain - determines how much the EOP amplifies the light signal. Often referred to as luminance gain or light gain. It is measured as the gain of the input signal.
- Resolution is the ability of an EOP or night vision device to distinguish between objects that are close to each other. It is measured in linear pairs per millimeter (lp/mm). The higher the lp/mm value, the higher the image detail.
- Black spots are cosmetic defects that can be caused by dirt or manufacturing defects. They do not affect the functionality or reliability of the device, but they do affect the visual perception of the image.
- EBI (Equivalent Background Illumination ) is the equivalent background illumination that reflects the noise level generated by the EOS itself in the absence of external light. An important parameter for assessing image quality in complete darkness.
Please note: most of these characteristics, except for black spots, are usually specified in the general technical specifications of the EOP. However, each individual instance has its own minimum and sometimes maximum values of the parameters. Therefore, it is impossible to know exactly what kind of EEP you will receive if you do not see the characteristics of a particular unit.
Important: since the difference between individual EOPs can be significant (both in terms of FOM and black spots), we provide a specification and a photo of each specific EOP. This allows you to assess the quality and presence of defects. The cost of the device depends on the quality of a particular EOP. Please note that not all stains are visible in the photo, and in real conditions they may look larger. To assess the visibility of spots, we use our own metric - Spots Score.
About the generation of electron-optical transducers
When we talk about the generation of night vision devices, we mean the generation of electronic optical transducers (EOTs). It is important to understand that today it is no longer possible to objectively compare EOCs only by generation.
Good to know: The Gen3 generation was developed in the late 1980s, and technology has evolved significantly since then. This applies to both multi-alkaline photocathode surface converters and those based on gallium arsenide (GaAs).
Therefore, a generation classification based solely on the chemical composition of the photocathode no longer reflects the real level of efficiency of modern EHPs. For example, the Photonis ECHO and Photonis 4G models demonstrate significantly improved performance that goes beyond the traditional generation classification.
<h2>Limitations of first generation night vision devices (Gen1+)</h2> <p><strong>Important:</strong> Gen1+ night vision devices have limited light amplification capabilities and are characterized by a large design. For effective use, they require powerful infrared illumination, without which it is almost impossible to obtain an image; <p><strong>Please note:</strong> Using infrared illumination makes you visible to any user with a night vision device, as IR radiation is easily detected by other systems; <h4>Recommendation</h4> There are no true budget solutions in the field of night vision. If the budget only allows for Gen1, it would be more appropriate to allocate these funds to high-quality tactical lighting for weapons that will be more effective in most use cases;
Standard EHRs of the Gen 2+ generation
Important: Gen2+ electron-optical transducers (EOTs) are significantly superior to Gen1 due to the use of a microchannel plate (MCP) that provides significant electron amplification. In addition, Gen2+ has better optics than Gen1.
The term Standard Gen2+ usually refers to the basic Gen2+ EOPs that are installed in devices from many manufacturers, including Flir, ATN, etc.
Typical characteristics of such devices include:
- Resolution: 45-55 lp/mm
- Light sensitivity: approx. 450-550 µA/lm
- Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): 20-22
- Background equivalent illumination (EBI): approx. 0.15
Please note: These four parameters are the key ones when assessing the quality of an EHR. However, in most cases, when purchasing a Gen2+ device, the technical characteristics of a particular EHR are not specified at the time of purchase.
Good to know: Standard Gen2+ EOLs usually do not have auto-gating, i.e. they are not able to automatically adjust the gain level when the lighting changes.
Technical characteristics of the Standard Gen2+ EOP:
| Parameter | Min. | Average | Max. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Light sensitivity (2850 K) | 350 | 500 | — |
| FOM (Figure of Merit) | N/A | 1000 | — |
| Center resolution (lp/mm) | 32 | 50 | — |
| Signal to noise ratio | 12 | 20 | — |
| Background equivalent illumination (EBI) | — | 0.15 | — |
The main disadvantages of Gen2+ devices
The main problem with most Gen2+ devices is the unpredictability of their performance - it's usually impossible to know exactly what level of performance you'll get. The minimum specifications are often very low (although even in this case, Gen2+ is significantly superior to Gen1+).
Conclusion
Due to the wide variation in the characteristics of Gen2+ devices, it is difficult to clearly define the best application for them. Tip: If the technical characteristics meet your requirements and are at an acceptable level, it is a good choice as a basic night vision device. It works best when there is some background lighting - urban light pollution, full moon, etc.
If you need a more robust device, we recommend looking at the Photonis Commercial or ECHO series, as they support autogating.
Examples of different EOPs (including one 4G):
- Standard Gen2+ tube GP
- Photonis Commercial GP
- Photonis Commercial WP
- Photonis 4G
Photonis Commercial
Photonis Commercial refers to the XX1441 and XW1441 electron-optical converters.
Good to know: although in practice we have not encountered Commercial series EOPs with FOM below 1100, the official minimum requirements allow values from 380. This means that there is no guarantee of stable quality. If you need predictability, you should consider the ECHO series.
Photonis Commercial devices do not support autogating.
Conclusion: Photonis Commercial is a basic night vision device for those who need acceptable performance if the ECHO series is not available. The main disadvantages are the very low minimum specifications and the lack of autogating.
At the moment, in our opinion, Photonis Commercial does not meet the standards that Thorsen is striving for.
| Parameter | Minimum | Average | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brightness sensitivity (2850 K), µA/lm | 270 | 570 | / |
| FOM (Figure of Merit) | 380 | 1300 | / |
| Center resolution, lp/mm | 32 | 60 | / |
| Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) | 12 | 21 | / |
| Equivalent background illumination (EBI), µA/lm | / | 0.15 | / |
Comparison of Photonis 4G and Photonis Commercial
Photonis 4G WP: approximate cost - 6500€
Photonis Commercial WP: approximate cost - 2550€
Photonis ECHO and ECHO+
Photonis ECHOs are electron-optical converters (EOCs) that demonstrate high quality with a minimum FOM value of 1600. They are manufactured on the same production line as the 4G series, but are not fully qualified to 4G standards.
Important: ECHOs are not defective - they just don't reach certain internal Photonis parameters inherent in the 4G series.
We supply Photonis ECHO in PVS14, PVS14E, and other housings from American manufacturers specializing in lightweight and reliable housings with modern electronics for night vision devices and optics that meet US Army standards
ECHO: Photonis ECHO
| Parameter | Minimum | Average | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brightness gain (at 20 μlx) | 8000 | / | 12000 |
| FOM | 1600 | 1775 | 2000 |
| Center resolution (lp/mm) | 57 | 68 | 74 |
| Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) | 23 | 25 | / |
| Equivalent background illumination (EBI, μA/lm) | / | 0.12 | 0.40 |
Good to know: FOM (Figure of Merit) is the product of resolution (lp/mm) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is a key indicator of the effectiveness of an EOS.
Features of Photonis ECHO and ECHO+ night vision
Conclusion
Photonis ECHO series electron-optical transducers (EOTs) have become one of the most popular on the market due to their optimal performance and cost ratio.
Comparison: ECHO WP (FOM 1780) vs Harder Digital Gen3 WP (FOM 2100+)
The Photonis ECHO+ is an advanced version of the ECHO series of EOSs. The minimum FOM value for the ECHO+ starts at 2000, providing increased performance compared to the basic models.
Important: Like the ECHO series, ECHO+ modules are manufactured on a 4G production line, which guarantees a high level of quality and parameter stability.
At the moment, we offer Photonis ECHO+ EOPs in PVS14, PVS14E and other housings. These housings are lightweight and modern solutions for night vision.
Main technical characteristics of Photonis ECHO+:
| Parameter | Minimum | Average | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brightness gain (at 20 μlx) | 8000 | / | 12000 |
| FOM | 2000 | / | / |
| Resolution (center), lp/mm | 57 | / | / |
| Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) | 25 | / | / |
| Equivalent background illumination (EBI), μA/lm | / | 0.12 | 0.40 |
Comparison of ECHO+ and Photonis 4G electron-optical converters
ECHO+ (2000+ FOM ) are high-quality electron-optical transducers that offer exceptional performance at an attractive price. They provide high sensitivity and image detail.
Conclusion: If you need a high-performance ECHO without necessarily meeting mil-spec, ECHO+ is the best choice. They allow for more artifacts (spots), but they compensate for this with a price-performance ratio.
Photonis 4G are electron-optical transducers that meet military standards and have higher requirements for all key parameters. The average FOM is about 2000, with a minimum value of 2200.
Important: In addition to specifications such as FOM, resolution, or noise level, Photonis 4G is also noted for its high sensitivity, wide spectral range, and minimal light halo, which is not always mentioned in technical sheets.
Photonis 4G meets the following night vision standards:
- Extended sensitivity range: from less than 400 nm to more than 1000 nm
- FOM over 1800
- Resolution of at least 57 lp/mm, even in poor lighting conditions
- Halo around bright objects - typically 0.75 mm
Good to know: Thanks to high DRI (detection/recognition/identification) in different lighting conditions, 4G users gain an advantage in range and response time.
Conclusion: The Photonis 4G is a mil-spec EOP with a wide spectral range, high SNR and resolution. Thanks to these characteristics, it outperforms most Gen 3 systems in difficult lighting conditions.
| Parameter | Minimum | Average | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brightness gain (at 20 μlx) | 7 000 | / | 14 000 |
| FOM (Figure of Merit) | 1800 | 2000 | / |
| Center resolution (lp/mm) | 64 | / | / |
| Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) | 27 | 30 | / |
| Equivalent background illumination (EBI, μA/lm) | / | 0.15 | 0.25 |
Conclusions
Important: Although the electron-optical converter (EOC) is only one component of a night light, it is the one that determines the main performance of the system. When choosing different generations of EOCs, always consider the end use of the device.
Tip: The best value for money is provided by Photonis ECHO modules installed in THE-14 or DTNVS enclosures. After the ECHO, the price increases significantly, but the increase in efficiency for each euro spent is not so noticeable. For tasks such as airsoft, hunting, hiking or tactical training, the ECHO provides sufficient performance.
Don't miss out: even if the Photonis ECHO exceeds your budget, it's better to invest in a quality light or save your money. Devices with performance below the ECHO level are not worth the investment in time or money.
Good to know: If you're ready to invest in a premium level, choose Photonis ECHO+ or 4G. They offer the ultimate in performance for professional use.
Need support or have questions?
Do you have doubts about equipment compatibility? Do you need advice on the optimal setting for your next operation? Or do you want to discuss technical issues with other users of night vision devices?
Please note: you can ask for professional support, get technical advice, and find the best solutions for your night vision needs. Send a request to [email protected] at any time.
Overview of electron-optical transducers in Europe
This article discusses electron-optical transducers (EOTs) available on the European market. Due to export restrictions, Gen3 EOSs with a FOM greater than 1600 made in the USA are not available in Europe, so only models that are actually available in this region are included in the review.
Key parameters for comparing electronic optical transducers (EOTs)
- Figure of Merit (FOM ) is a generalized measure of the quality of an EOS, calculated as the product of the resolution (lp/mm) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Formula: FOM = lp/mm × SNR.
- Gain - determines how much the EOP amplifies the light signal. Often referred to as luminance gain or light gain. It is measured as the gain of the input signal.
- Resolution is the ability of an EOP or night vision device to distinguish between objects that are close to each other. It is measured in linear pairs per millimeter (lp/mm). The higher the lp/mm value, the higher the image detail.
- Black spots are cosmetic defects that can be caused by dirt or manufacturing defects. They do not affect the functionality or reliability of the device, but they do affect the visual perception of the image.
- EBI (Equivalent Background Illumination ) is the equivalent background illumination that reflects the noise level generated by the EOS itself in the absence of external light. An important parameter for assessing image quality in complete darkness.
Please note: most of these characteristics, except for black spots, are usually specified in the general technical specifications of the EOP. However, each individual instance has its own minimum and sometimes maximum values of the parameters. Therefore, it is impossible to know exactly what kind of EEP you will receive if you do not see the characteristics of a particular unit.
Important: since the difference between individual EOPs can be significant (both in terms of FOM and black spots), we provide a specification and a photo of each specific EOP. This allows you to assess the quality and presence of defects. The cost of the device depends on the quality of a particular EOP. Please note that not all stains are visible in the photo, and in real conditions they may look larger. To assess the visibility of spots, we use our own metric - Spots Score.
About the generation of electron-optical transducers
When we talk about the generation of night vision devices, we mean the generation of electronic optical transducers (EOTs). It is important to understand that today it is no longer possible to objectively compare EOCs only by generation.
Good to know: The Gen3 generation was developed in the late 1980s, and technology has evolved significantly since then. This applies to both multi-alkaline photocathode surface converters and those based on gallium arsenide (GaAs).
Therefore, a generation classification based solely on the chemical composition of the photocathode no longer reflects the real level of efficiency of modern EHPs. For example, the Photonis ECHO and Photonis 4G models demonstrate significantly improved performance that goes beyond the traditional generation classification.
Standard EHRs of the Gen 2+ generation
Important: Gen2+ electron-optical transducers (EOTs) are significantly superior to Gen1 due to the use of a microchannel plate (MCP) that provides significant electron amplification. In addition, Gen2+ has better optics than Gen1.
The term Standard Gen2+ usually refers to the basic Gen2+ EOPs that are installed in devices from many manufacturers, including Flir, ATN, etc.
Typical characteristics of such devices include:
- Resolution: 45-55 lp/mm
- Light sensitivity: approx. 450-550 µA/lm
- Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): 20-22
- Background equivalent illumination (EBI): approx. 0.15
Please note: These four parameters are the key ones when assessing the quality of an EHR. However, in most cases, when purchasing a Gen2+ device, the technical characteristics of a particular EHR are not specified at the time of purchase.
Good to know: Standard Gen2+ EOLs usually do not have auto-gating, i.e. they are not able to automatically adjust the gain level when the lighting changes.
Technical characteristics of the Standard Gen2+ EOP:
| Parameter | Min. | Average | Max. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Light sensitivity (2850 K) | 350 | 500 | — |
| FOM (Figure of Merit) | N/A | 1000 | — |
| Center resolution (lp/mm) | 32 | 50 | — |
| Signal to noise ratio | 12 | 20 | — |
| Background equivalent illumination (EBI) | — | 0.15 | — |
The main disadvantages of Gen2+ devices
The main problem with most Gen2+ devices is the unpredictability of their performance - it's usually impossible to know exactly what level of performance you'll get. The minimum specifications are often very low (although even in this case, Gen2+ is significantly superior to Gen1+).
Conclusion
Due to the wide variation in the characteristics of Gen2+ devices, it is difficult to clearly define the best application for them. Tip: If the technical characteristics meet your requirements and are at an acceptable level, it is a good choice as a basic night vision device. It works best when there is some background lighting - urban light pollution, full moon, etc.
If you need a more robust device, we recommend looking at the Photonis Commercial or ECHO series, as they support autogating.
Examples of different EOPs (including one 4G):
- Standard Gen2+ tube GP
- Photonis Commercial GP
- Photonis Commercial WP
- Photonis 4G
Photonis Commercial
Photonis Commercial refers to the XX1441 and XW1441 electron-optical converters.
Good to know: although in practice we have not encountered Commercial series EOPs with FOM below 1100, the official minimum requirements allow values from 380. This means that there is no guarantee of stable quality. If you need predictability, you should consider the ECHO series.
Photonis Commercial devices do not support autogating.
Conclusion: Photonis Commercial is a basic night vision device for those who need acceptable performance if the ECHO series is not available. The main disadvantages are the very low minimum specifications and the lack of autogating.
At the moment, in our opinion, Photonis Commercial does not meet the standards that Thorsen is striving for.
| Parameter | Minimum | Average | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brightness sensitivity (2850 K), µA/lm | 270 | 570 | / |
| FOM (Figure of Merit) | 380 | 1300 | / |
| Center resolution, lp/mm | 32 | 60 | / |
| Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) | 12 | 21 | / |
| Equivalent background illumination (EBI), µA/lm | / | 0.15 | / |
Comparison of Photonis 4G and Photonis Commercial
Photonis 4G WP: approximate cost - 6500€
Photonis Commercial WP: approximate cost - 2550€
Photonis ECHO and ECHO+
Photonis ECHOs are electron-optical converters (EOCs) that demonstrate high quality with a minimum FOM value of 1600. They are manufactured on the same production line as the 4G series, but are not fully qualified to 4G standards.
Important: ECHOs are not defective - they just don't reach certain internal Photonis parameters inherent in the 4G series.
We supply Photonis ECHO in PVS14, PVS14E, and other housings from American manufacturers specializing in lightweight and reliable housings with modern electronics for night vision devices and optics that meet US Army standards
ECHO: Photonis ECHO
| Parameter | Minimum | Average | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brightness gain (at 20 μlx) | 8000 | / | 12000 |
| FOM | 1600 | 1775 | 2000 |
| Center resolution (lp/mm) | 57 | 68 | 74 |
| Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) | 23 | 25 | / |
| Equivalent background illumination (EBI, μA/lm) | / | 0.12 | 0.40 |
Good to know: FOM (Figure of Merit) is the product of resolution (lp/mm) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is a key indicator of the effectiveness of an EOS.
Features of Photonis ECHO and ECHO+ night vision
Conclusion
Photonis ECHO series electron-optical transducers (EOTs) have become one of the most popular on the market due to their optimal performance and cost ratio.
Comparison: ECHO WP (FOM 1780) vs Harder Digital Gen3 WP (FOM 2100+)
The Photonis ECHO+ is an advanced version of the ECHO series of EOSs. The minimum FOM value for the ECHO+ starts at 2000, providing increased performance compared to the basic models.
Important: Like the ECHO series, ECHO+ modules are manufactured on a 4G production line, which guarantees a high level of quality and parameter stability.
At the moment, we offer Photonis ECHO+ EOPs in PVS14, PVS14E and other housings. These housings are lightweight and modern solutions for night vision.
Main technical characteristics of Photonis ECHO+:
| Parameter | Minimum | Average | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brightness gain (at 20 μlx) | 8000 | / | 12000 |
| FOM | 2000 | / | / |
| Resolution (center), lp/mm | 57 | / | / |
| Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) | 25 | / | / |
| Equivalent background illumination (EBI), μA/lm | / | 0.12 | 0.40 |
Comparison of ECHO+ and Photonis 4G electron-optical converters
ECHO+ (2000+ FOM ) are high-quality electron-optical transducers that offer exceptional performance at an attractive price. They provide high sensitivity and image detail.
Conclusion: If you need a high-performance ECHO without necessarily meeting mil-spec, ECHO+ is the best choice. They allow for more artifacts (spots), but they compensate for this with a price-performance ratio.
Photonis 4G are electron-optical transducers that meet military standards and have higher requirements for all key parameters. The average FOM is about 2000, with a minimum value of 2200.
Important: In addition to specifications such as FOM, resolution, or noise level, Photonis 4G is also noted for its high sensitivity, wide spectral range, and minimal light halo, which is not always mentioned in technical sheets.
Photonis 4G meets the following night vision standards:
- Extended sensitivity range: from less than 400 nm to more than 1000 nm
- FOM over 1800
- Resolution of at least 57 lp/mm, even in poor lighting conditions
- Halo around bright objects - typically 0.75 mm
Good to know: Thanks to high DRI (detection/recognition/identification) in different lighting conditions, 4G users gain an advantage in range and response time.
Conclusion: The Photonis 4G is a mil-spec EOP with a wide spectral range, high SNR and resolution. Thanks to these characteristics, it outperforms most Gen 3 systems in difficult lighting conditions.
| Parameter | Minimum | Average | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brightness gain (at 20 μlx) | 7 000 | / | 14 000 |
| FOM (Figure of Merit) | 1800 | 2000 | / |
| Center resolution (lp/mm) | 64 | / | / |
| Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) | 27 | 30 | / |
| Equivalent background illumination (EBI, μA/lm) | / | 0.15 | 0.25 |
Conclusions
Important: Although the electron-optical converter (EOC) is only one component of a night light, it is the one that determines the main performance of the system. When choosing different generations of EOCs, always consider the end use of the device.
Tip: The best value for money is provided by Photonis ECHO modules installed in THE-14 or DTNVS enclosures. After the ECHO, the price increases significantly, but the increase in efficiency for each euro spent is not so noticeable. For tasks such as airsoft, hunting, hiking or tactical training, the ECHO provides sufficient performance.
Don't miss out: even if the Photonis ECHO exceeds your budget, it's better to invest in a quality light or save your money. Devices with performance below the ECHO level are not worth the investment in time or money.
Good to know: If you're ready to invest in a premium level, choose Photonis ECHO+ or 4G. They offer the ultimate in performance for professional use.
Need support or have questions?
Do you have doubts about equipment compatibility? Do you need advice on the optimal setting for your next operation? Or do you want to discuss technical issues with other users of night vision devices?
Please note: you can ask for professional support, get technical advice, and find the best solutions for your night vision needs. Send a request to [email protected] at any time.
Overview of electron-optical transducers available on the European market